{"id":750,"date":"2010-05-20T21:10:57","date_gmt":"2010-05-21T04:10:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/c21-wp.phas.ubc.ca\/index.php\/useful-numbers"},"modified":"2023-03-31T14:20:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T21:20:33","slug":"useful-numbers","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/c21.phas.ubc.ca\/article\/useful-numbers\/","title":{"rendered":"PRIVATE: Useful Numbers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Quantity<\/th>\nValue<\/th>\nApproximate Range<\/th>\nUnits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
SUN AND EARTH<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sun’s surface (effective) temperature [note]NASA\u2019s National Space Science Data Center. Sun Fact Sheet <\/em>(online). http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/factsheet\/sunfact.html<\/a> [13 May 2010].[\/note]<\/td>\n5778<\/td>\n<\/td>\nK<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emissivity of the Sun [note]\u00c7engel, Yunus A. Steady Heat Conduction. <\/em>In: Heat Transfer a Practical Approach (2). New York: McGraw Hill Professional, 2003, p. 173.[\/note]<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean Surface Temperature of Earth [note]NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) Surface Temperature Analysis<\/em> (online). http:\/\/data.giss.nasa.gov\/gistemp\/<\/a> [13 May 2010].[\/note]<\/td>\n287.5<\/td>\n\u00b1 0.1 annual variation<\/td>\nK<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emissivity of Earth [note]\u00c7engel, Yunus A. Steady Heat Conduction. <\/em>In: Heat Transfer a Practical Approach (2). New York: McGraw Hill Professional, 2003, p. 173.[\/note]<\/td>\n0.95<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solar Constant(S<\/em>) [note]ACRIM. \u00a0Composite TSI Time Series<\/em> (online). http:\/\/acrim.com\/TSI%20Monitoring.htm<\/a> [13 May 2010]. [\/note]<\/td>\n1366<\/td>\n\u00b1 1 (fluctuation)<\/td>\nW\/m2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean Solar Flux Averaged Over Earth’s Surface (top of atmosphere) [note]S<\/em>\/4[\/note]<\/td>\n341.5<\/td>\n<\/td>\nW\/m2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Average albedo (A) of the Earth [note]Goode, P. R., J. Qiu, V. Yurchyshyn, J. Hickey, M.\u2010C. Chu, E. Kolbe, C. T. Brown, and S. E. Koonin (2001), Earthshine observations of the Earth’s reflectance, Geophys. Res. Lett.<\/em>, 28(9), 1671\u20131674. http:\/\/www.agu.org\/journals\/ABS\/2001\/2000GL012580.shtml<\/a>[\/note]<\/td>\n0.296<\/td>\n\u00b1 0.002 (measurement uncertainty)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean Solar Flux Averaged Over Earth’s Surface (bottom of atmosphere) [note]S<\/em>(1-A<\/em>)\/4[\/note]<\/td>\n240<\/td>\n<\/td>\nW\/m2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Annual Human Energy Consumption on Earth (2008)[note]Wikipedia Foundation Inc. World Energy Resources and Consumption\u00a0<\/em>(Online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_energy_resources_and_consumption<\/a> [28 June2010][\/note]<\/td>\n4 x 1020<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/td>\nJ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mean Human Power Consumption on Earth (2008)[note]Wikipedia Foundation Inc. World Energy Resources and Consumption\u00a0<\/em>(Online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_energy_resources_and_consumption<\/a> [28 June2010][\/note]<\/td>\n1.5 x 1013<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/td>\nW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
HEAT\/ENERGY<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kerosene Energy Content [note]Michigan State University. A<\/em>pproximate Heating Value of Common Fuels <\/em>(Online). http:\/\/www.hrt.msu.edu\/Energy\/pdf\/Heating%20Value%20of%20Common%20Fuels.pdf<\/a> [12 May 2010][\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nMJ\/kg<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Methane (CH4<\/sub>) [note]Andrews, J. and Jelley, N. Energy Science – Principles, Technologies and Impacts. <\/em>New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 7.[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n55<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nMJ\/kg<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Long-Chain Hydrocarbons (CH2<\/sub><\/span>)<\/span>n<\/span><\/sub> [note]Andrews, J. and Jelley, N. Energy Science – Principles, Technologies and Impacts. <\/em>New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 7.[\/note]<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n41<\/span><\/td>\n\u00b1 4<\/span><\/td>\nMJ\/kg<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Carbohydrates (CH2<\/sub><\/span>O)<\/span>n <\/sub>[note]Andrews, J. and Jelley, N. Energy Science – Principles, Technologies and Impacts. <\/em>New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 7.[\/note]<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n16<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nMJ\/kg<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Average Greenhouse Gas Production of Electricity Generated in BC [note]BC Hydro GHG Emissions: http:\/\/www.bchydro.com\/about\/sustainability\/climate_action\/greenhouse_gases.html#emission<\/a> [26 September 2012][\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n28<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nt C02e\/GWh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n7.8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\ng CO2<\/sub><\/span>\/MJ<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Average Greenhouse Gas Production of Electricity Generated in Canada [note]BC Hydro GHG Emissions: http:\/\/www.bchydro.com\/about\/sustainability\/climate_action\/greenhouse_gases.html#emission<\/a> [26 September 2012][\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n230<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nt C02<\/sub><\/span>e\/GWh<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n64<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\ng CO2<\/sub><\/span>\/MJ<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C02<\/sub><\/span> Production Per Capita in Canada [note]International Energy Agency. CO2<\/sub> Emissions From Fuel Combustion<\/em> (Online). http:\/\/www.iea.org\/co2highlights\/CO2highlights.pdf<\/a> [12 May 2010][\/note]<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n17.4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\ntonnes\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C02<\/sub><\/span>e Production Per Capita in Canada (2005) [note]Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Environment \u2014 Greenhouse Gases<\/em> (online). http:\/\/www4.hrsdc.gc.ca\/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64<\/a> [13 May 2010]. [\/note]<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n23<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\ntonnes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Daily Human Energy Consumption [note]Health Canada. Canada Food Guide<\/em> (online). http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/fn-an\/food-guide-aliment\/basics-base\/1_1_1-eng.php<\/a> [4 May 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n2000<\/td>\n\u00b1 500<\/span><\/td>\nCalories<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1 food calorie = 1 Cal = 1 000 cal = 1 kcal<\/span><\/td>\n4.2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nkJ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0TRANSPORTATION:<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Diesel Oil [note]Diesel fuel<\/em>(online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diesel_fuel<\/a> [26 September 2012].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n38<\/span><\/td>\n\u00b12<\/span><\/td>\nMJ\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Diesel Energy Efficiency [note]Soimar M. Diesel Progress North American Edition. \u00a0The Challenge Of CVTs In Current Heavy-Duty Powertrains <\/em>(online). http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m0FZX\/is_4_66\/ai_62371160\/<\/a> [21 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n37%<\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Car Fuel Consumption [note]Natural Resources Canada. Fuel Concumption Guide <\/em>(Online). http:\/\/oee.nrcan.gc.ca\/transportation\/tools\/fuel-consumption-guide\/fuel-consumption-guide.cfm<\/a> [12 May 2010].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\nvaries by at least a factor 2<\/span><\/td>\nL\/km<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Gasoline [note]Wikipedia Foundation Inc. Gasoline <\/em>(Online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gasoline<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n32<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nMJ\/L<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gasoline Engine Efficiency [note]MacKay DJC. Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air<\/em> (Online). UIT Cambridge. p.262. http:\/\/www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk\/sustainable\/book\/tex\/ps\/253.326.pdf<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n25%<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Density of gasoline [note]Wikipedia Foundation Inc. Gasoline <\/em>(Online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gasoline<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n740<\/span><\/td>\n\u00b130<\/span><\/td>\nkg\/m3<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GHG Production Due to Gasoline [note](density\/1000) times ratio of molecular masses (44\/14)[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n2.3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\nkg CO2<\/sub><\/span>\/L<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Content of Jet Fuel[note]Wikipedia Foundation Inc. Gasoline <\/em>(Online). http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gasoline#Energy_content_.28High_and_Low_heating_value.29 <\/a>[20 July 2010].[\/note]<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n\u00b12<\/span><\/td>\nMJ\/L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Drag Coefficient – Typical Family Car [note]MacKay DJC. Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air<\/em> (Online). UIT Cambridge. p.257. http:\/\/www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk\/sustainable\/book\/tex\/ps\/253.326.pdf<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.3<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Drag Coefficient – Bicycle [note]MacKay DJC. Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air<\/em> (Online). UIT Cambridge. p.257. http:\/\/www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk\/sustainable\/book\/tex\/ps\/253.326.pdf<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n1<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rolling Resistance – Ordinary Car Tire [note]A Discovery Company. How Tires Work<\/em> (online). http:\/\/auto.howstuffworks.com\/tire4.htm<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.015<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rolling Resistance – Truck Tire [note]A Discovery Company. How Tires Work<\/em> (online). http:\/\/auto.howstuffworks.com\/tire4.htm<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.01<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rolling Resistance – Bike Tire [note]Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Rolling Resistance<\/em> (Online).http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_resistance<\/a> [12 May 2010].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.005<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rolling Resistance – Train Wheel [note]A Discovery Company. How Tires Work<\/em> (online). http:\/\/auto.howstuffworks.com\/tire4.htm<\/a> [25 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.001<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electric Car Charging\/Discharging Efficiency [note]Electric battery and motor efficiencies: http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/group\/greendorm\/participate\/cee124\/TeslaReading.pdf<\/a> [4 November 2009][\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n85%<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electric Motor Efficiency [note]Electric battery and motor efficiencies: http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/group\/greendorm\/participate\/cee124\/TeslaReading.pdf<\/a> [4 November 2009][\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n85%<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy Consumption for Electric Cars [note]MacKay DJC. Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air<\/em> (online). UIT Cambridge. p. 29-31. http:\/\/www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk\/sustainable\/book\/tex\/ps\/1.112.pdf<\/a> [21 August 2009].[\/note]<\/span><\/td>\n0.54<\/span><\/td>\nballpark<\/span><\/td>\nMJ\/km<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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